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<title>Text Encoding Initiative</title>

</head>

Text Encoding Initiative

</h1>

</header>

The Text Encoding Initiative (TEI) is a <a href="Written_language" title="Written language">text-centric</a> <a href="Community_of_practice" title="Community of practice">community of practice</a> in the <a href="List_of_academic_disciplines" class="mw-redirect" title="List of academic disciplines">academic field</a> of <a href="Digital_humanities" title="Digital humanities">digital humanities</a>, operating continuously since the 1980s. The community currently runs a mailing list, meetings and conference series, and maintains the TEI <a href="Technical_standard" title="Technical standard">technical standard</a>, a <a href="Scientific_journal" title="Scientific journal">journal</a>,<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> a <a href="Wiki" title="Wiki">wiki</a>, a <a href="GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a> repository and a <a href="Toolchain" title="Toolchain">toolchain</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="TEI_guidelines">TEI guidelines</h2></div>

The TEI Guidelines collectively define a type of <a href="XML" title="XML">XML</a> format, and are the defining output of the community of practice. The format differs from other well-known <a href="Open_file_format" title="Open file format">open formats</a> for text (such as <a href="HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> and <a href="OpenDocument" title="OpenDocument">OpenDocument</a>) in that it is primarily semantic rather than presentational: the semantics and interpretation of every tag and attribute are specified. There are some 500 different textual components and concepts: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">

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.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}

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</style>word,<a href="#cite_note-auto-2">[2]</a> sentence,<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> character,<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> glyph,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> person,<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a>

etc. Each is grounded in one or more academic disciplines and examples are given.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technical_details">Technical details</h3></div>

The standard is split into two parts, a discursive textual description with extended examples and discussion and set of tag-by-tag definitions. Schemata in most of the modern formats (<a href="Document_type_definition" title="Document type definition">DTD</a>, <a href="RELAX_NG" title="RELAX NG">RELAX NG</a> and <a href="XML_Schema_(W3C)" title="XML Schema (W3C)">XML Schema (W3C)</a>) are generated automatically from the tag-by-tag definitions. A number of tools support the production of the guidelines and the application of the guidelines to specific projects.

A number of special tags are used to circumvent restrictions imposed by the underlying <a href="Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>; glyph to allow representation of characters that do not qualify for Unicode inclusion<a href="#cite_note-auto-2">[2]</a> and choice to allow overcome the required strict linearity.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a>

Most users of the format do not use the complete range of tags, but produce a customisation using a project-specific subset of the tags and attributes defined by the Guidelines. The TEI defines a sophisticated customization mechanism known as ODD for this purpose. In addition to documenting and describing each TEI tag, an ODD specification specifies its content model and other usage constraints, which may be expressed using <a href="Schematron" title="Schematron">schematron</a>.

TEI Lite is an example of such a customization. It defines an XML-based <a href="File_format" title="File format">file format</a> for exchanging texts. It is a manageable selection from the extensive set of elements available in the full TEI Guidelines.

As an XML-based format, TEI cannot directly deal with <a href="Overlapping_markup" title="Overlapping markup">overlapping markup</a> and non-hierarchical structures. A variety of options to represent this sort of data is suggested by the guidelines.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Examples">Examples</h3></div>

The text of the TEI guidelines is rich in examples. There is also a samples page on the TEI wiki,<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> which gives examples of real-world projects that expose their underlying TEI.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prose_tags">Prose tags</h4></div>

TEI allows texts to be marked up syntactically at any level of granularity, or mixture of granularities. For example, this paragraph (p) has been marked up into sentences (s) and clauses (cl).<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a>

<cl>It was about the beginning of September, 1664,

<cl>that I, among the rest of my neighbours,

heard in ordinary discourse

<cl>that the plague was returned again to Holland; </cl>

</cl>

<cl>for it had been very violent there, and particularly at

Amsterdam and Rotterdam, in the year 1663, </cl>

<cl>whither, <cl>they say,</cl> it was brought,

<cl>some said</cl> from Italy, others from the Levant, among some goods

<cl>which were brought home by their Turkey fleet;</cl>

</cl>

<cl>others said it was brought from Candia;

others from Cyprus. </cl>

</s>

<s>

<cl>It mattered not <cl>from whence it came;</cl>

</cl>

<cl>but all agreed <cl>it was come into Holland again.</cl>

</cl>

</s>

</pre></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Verse">Verse</h4></div>

TEI has tags for marking up verse. This example (taken from the French translation of the TEI Guidelines) shows a sonnet.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a>

<l>Les amoureux fervents et les savants austères</l>

<l> Aiment également, dans leur mûre saison,</l>

<l> Les chats puissants et doux, orgueil de la maison,</l>

<l> Qui comme eux sont frileux et comme eux sédentaires.</l>

</lg>

<l>Amis de la science et de la volupté</l>

<l> Ils cherchent le silence et l'horreur des ténèbres ;</l>

<l> L'Érèbe les eût pris pour ses coursiers funèbres,</l>

<l> S'ils pouvaient au servage incliner leur fierté.</l>

</lg>

<l>Ils prennent en songeant les nobles attitudes</l>

<l>Des grands sphinx allongés au fond des solitudes,</l>

<l>Qui semblent s'endormir dans un rêve sans fin ;</l>

</lg>

<l>Leurs reins féconds sont pleins d'étincelles magiques,</l>

<l> Et des parcelles d'or, ainsi qu'un sable fin,</l>

<l>Étoilent vaguement leurs prunelles mystiques.</l>

</lg>

</div>

</pre></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Choice_tag">Choice tag</h4></div>

The choice tag is used to represent sections of text that might be encoded or tagged in more than one possible way. In the following example, based on one in the standard, choice is used twice, once to indicate an original and a corrected number, and once to indicate an original and regularised spelling.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a>

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-xml mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><p xml:id="p23">Lastly, That, upon his solemn oath to observe all the above

articles, the said man-mountain shall have a daily allowance of

meat and drink sufficient for the support of <choice>

</choice> of our subjects,

with free access to our royal person, and other marks of our

<orig>favour</orig>

<reg>favor</reg>

</choice>.

</pre></div>

One Document Does it all ("ODD") is a <a href="Literate_programming" title="Literate programming">literate programming</a> language for <a href="XML_schema" title="XML schema">XML schemas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a>

In literate-programming style, ODD documents combine human-readable documentation and machine-readable models using the Documentation Elements module of the Text Encoding Initiative. Tools generate <a href="Internationalization_and_localization" title="Internationalization and localization">localised and internationalised</a> <a href="HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a>, <a href="EPUB" title="EPUB">EPUB</a>, or <a href="PDF" title="PDF">PDF</a> human-readable output and <a href="Document_type_definition" title="Document type definition">DTDs</a>, <a href="XML_Schema_(W3C)" title="XML Schema (W3C)">W3C XML Schema</a>, <a href="RELAX_NG" title="RELAX NG">Relax NG</a> Compact Syntax, or Relax NG XML Syntax machine-readable output.

The Roma web application<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> is built around the ODD format and can use it to generate schemas in DTD, W3C XML Schema, Relax NG Compact Syntax, or Relax NG XML Syntax formats, as used by many XML validation tools and services.

ODD is the format used internally by the Text Encoding Initiative for the TEI <a href="Technical_standard" title="Technical standard">technical standard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Although ODD files generally describe the difference between a customized XML format and the full TEI model, ODD also can be used to describe XML formats that are entirely separate from the TEI. One example of this is the <a href="World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C's</a> <a href="Internationalization_Tag_Set" title="Internationalization Tag Set">Internationalization Tag Set</a> which uses the ODD format to generate schemas and document its vocabulary.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="TEI_customizations">TEI customizations</h2></div>

TEI customizations are specializations of the TEI XML specification for use in particular fields or by specific communities.

<ul><li><a href="EpiDoc" title="EpiDoc">EpiDoc</a> (Epigraphic Documents)</li>

<li>Charters Encoding Initiative<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></li>

<li>Medieval Nordic Text Archive (Menota)<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></li></ul>

Customization in the TEI is done through the ODD mechanism mentioned above. In truth since its P5 version, all so-called 'TEI Conformant' uses of the TEI Guidelines are based on a TEI customization documented in a TEI ODD file. Even when users choose one of the off-the-shelf pre-generated schemas to validate against, these have been created from freely available customization files.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Projects">Projects</h2></div>

The format is used by many projects worldwide. Practically all projects are associated with one or more universities. Some well-known projects that encode texts using TEI include:

<caption>TEI projects

</caption>

<th scope="col">Project

</th>

<th scope="col">URL

</th>

<th scope="col">Subject(s)

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row"><a href="British_National_Corpus" title="British National Corpus">British National Corpus</a>

</th>

<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.natcorp.ox.ac.uk">http://www.natcorp.ox.ac.uk</a>

</td>

<td>100-million-word snapshot of current English-language usage

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row"><a href="Oxford_Text_Archive" title="Oxford Text Archive">Oxford Text Archive</a>

</th>

<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://ota.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/repository/xmlui/">https://ota.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/repository/xmlui/</a>

</td>

<td>>1 GB of <a href="Language" title="Language">Linguistic</a> data and electronic texts in 25 languages

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row"><a href="Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a>

</th>

<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/">https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> and <a href="Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> texts

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row"><a href="EpiDoc" title="EpiDoc">EpiDoc</a>

</th>

<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://sourceforge.net/p/epidoc/wiki/Home/">https://sourceforge.net/p/epidoc/wiki/Home/</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">Epigraphy</a> and <a href="Papyrology" title="Papyrology">papyrology</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row"><a href="Women_Writers_Project" title="Women Writers Project">Women Writers Project</a>

</th>

<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://wwp.northeastern.edu/">https://wwp.northeastern.edu/</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Early_modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern">Early modern</a> <a href="Women_writers" title="Women writers">women writers</a> (<a href="Margaret_Cavendish" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret Cavendish">Margaret Cavendish</a>, <a href="Eliza_Haywood" title="Eliza Haywood">Eliza Haywood</a>, etc.)

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row"><a href="New_Zealand_Electronic_Text_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand Electronic Text Centre">New Zealand Electronic Text Centre</a>

</th>

<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.nzetc.org/">http://www.nzetc.org/</a>

</td>

<td><a href="New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> and <a href="Pacific_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Islands">Pacific Islands</a> texts

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row"><a href="The_SWORD_Project" title="The SWORD Project">The SWORD Project</a>

</th>

<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.crosswire.org/sword/">https://www.crosswire.org/sword/</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Bible_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Bible software">Bible software</a>, dictionaries, <a href="Christian_literature" title="Christian literature">Christian literature</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row">FreeDict

</th>

<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://freedict.org/">https://freedict.org/</a>

</td>

<td>Bilingual dictionaries

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row"><a href="Text_Creation_Partnership" title="Text Creation Partnership">Text Creation Partnership</a>

</th>

<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://textcreationpartnership.org/">https://textcreationpartnership.org/</a>

</td>

<td>Early British and American books

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://celt.ucc.ie/publishd.html">https://celt.ucc.ie/publishd.html</a>

</td>

<td>Ancient and medieval Irish manuscripts

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row">ISTEX

</th>

<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.istex.fr/">https://www.istex.fr/</a>

</td>

<td>Archives of scientific publications

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row">CAB

</th>

<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://cab.geschkult.fu-berlin.de/">https://cab.geschkult.fu-berlin.de/</a>

</td>

<td>An edition of the Zoroastrian rituals of the <a href="Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a>, in the <a href="Avestan" title="Avestan">Avestan</a> languages

</td></tr>

</tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

Prior to the creation of TEI, humanities scholars had no common standards for encoding electronic texts in a manner that would serve their academic goals (<a href="Susan_Hockey" title="Susan Hockey">Hockey</a> 1993, p. 41). In 1987, a group of scholars representing fields in humanities, linguistics, and computing convened at Vassar College to put forth a set of guidelines known as the “Poughkeepsie Principles”. These guidelines directed the development of the first TEI standard, "P1".<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a>

<ul><li>1987 – Work started by the <a href="Association_for_Computers_and_the_Humanities" title="Association for Computers and the Humanities">Association for Computers and the Humanities</a>,<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> the <a href="Association_for_Computational_Linguistics" title="Association for Computational Linguistics">Association for Computational Linguistics</a>, and the <a href="Association_for_Literary_and_Linguistic_Computing" class="mw-redirect" title="Association for Literary and Linguistic Computing">Association for Literary and Linguistic Computing</a> on what would become the TEI.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> This culminated in the Closing statement of the Vassar Planning Conference.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></li>

<li>1994 – TEI P3 released,<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> co-edited by <a href="Lou_Burnard" title="Lou Burnard">Lou Burnard</a> (at <a href="Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a>) and <a href="Michael_Sperberg-McQueen" title="Michael Sperberg-McQueen">Michael Sperberg-McQueen</a> (then at the <a href="University_of_Illinois_at_Chicago" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois at Chicago">University of Illinois at Chicago</a>, later at the <a href="W3C" class="mw-redirect" title="W3C">W3C</a>).</li>

<li>1999 – TEI P3 updated.</li>

<li>2002 – TEI P4 released, moving from SGML to XML; adoption of <a href="Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>, which XML parsers are required to support.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></li>

<li>2007 – TEI P5 released, including integration with the <code>xml:lang</code> and <code>xml:id</code> attributes from the W3C<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> (these had previously been attributes in the TEI namespace), regularization of local pointing attributes to use the hash (as used in HTML) and unification of the ptr and xptr tags. Together these changes with many more new additions make P5 more regular and bring it closer to current xml practice as promoted by the W3C and as used by other XML variants. Maintenance and feature update versions of TEI P5 have been released at least twice a year since 2007.</li>

<li>2011 – TEI P5 v2.0.1 released with support for <a href="Genetic_editing" title="Genetic editing">genetic editing</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> (among many other additions, the genetic-editing features allow encoding of texts without interpretation as to their specific semantics).</li>

<li>2017 – TEI was awarded the Antonio Zampolli Prize from the Alliance of Digital Humanities Organizations.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/jtei/">"Journal of the Text Encoding Initiative"</a>. Open Edition Journals. Retrieved 29 June 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-auto-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_2-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tei-c.org/release/doc/tei-p5-doc/en/html/ref-w.html">"TEI element w (word)"</a>. tei-c.org.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tei-c.org/release/doc/tei-p5-doc/en/html/ref-s.html">"TEI element s (s-unit)"</a>. tei-c.org.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tei-c.org/release/doc/tei-p5-doc/en/html/ref-c.html">"TEI element c (character)"</a>. tei-c.org.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tei-c.org/release/doc/tei-p5-doc/en/html/ref-g.html">"TEI element g (character or glyph)"</a>. tei-c.org.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tei-c.org/release/doc/tei-p5-doc/en/html/ref-person.html">"TEI element person (person)"</a>. tei-c.org.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tei-c.org/release/doc/tei-p5-doc/en/html/ref-choice.html">"Element choice"</a>. www.tei-c.org.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tei-c.org/release/doc/tei-p5-doc/en/html/NH.html">"20 Non-hierarchical Structures - TEI P5: — Guidelines for Electronic Text Encoding and Interchange"</a>. tei-c.org. 2019. Retrieved 19 March 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wiki.tei-c.org/index.php/Samples_of_TEI_texts">"Samples of TEI texts"</a>. wiki.tei-c.org. 2011. Retrieved 17 April 2012.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tei-c.org/release/doc/tei-p5-doc/en/html/AI.html#AILCW">"17 Simple Analytic Mechanisms - TEI P5: — Guidelines for Electronic Text Encoding and Interchange"</a>. tei-c.org. 2012. Retrieved 15 April 2012.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120606011418/http://www.tei-c.org/release/doc/tei-p5-doc/fr/html/ref-lg">"TEI element lg (groupe de vers)"</a>. tei-c.org. 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tei-c.org/release/doc/tei-p5-doc/fr/html/ref-lg">the original</a> on 6 June 2012. Retrieved 15 April 2012.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tei-c.org/release/doc/tei-p5-doc/en/html/ref-choice.html">"TEI element choice"</a>. tei-c.org. 2012. Retrieved 15 April 2012.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBaumanFlanders2004" class="citation conference cs1">Bauman, Syd; Flanders, Julia (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120329180310/http://conferences.idealliance.org/extreme/html/2004/Bauman01/EML2004Bauman01.html">ODD customizations</a>. Extreme Markup Languages 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://conferences.idealliance.org/extreme/html/2004/Bauman01/EML2004Bauman01.html">the original</a> on 2012-03-29. Retrieved 2012-04-15.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBurnardRahtz2004" class="citation conference cs1">Burnard, Lou; <a href="Sebastian_Rahtz" title="Sebastian Rahtz">Rahtz, Sebastian</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120329180319/http://conferences.idealliance.org/extreme/html/2004/Burnard01/EML2004Burnard01.html">RelaxNG with Son of ODD</a>. Extreme Markup Languages 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://conferences.idealliance.org/extreme/html/2004/Burnard01/EML2004Burnard01.html">the original</a> on 2012-03-29. Retrieved 2012-04-15.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFReiss2007" class="citation conference cs1">Reiss, Kevin M. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234829/http://dhcommons.tamu.edu/sites/default/files/poster_208_reiss.pdf">Literate Documentation for XML</a> (PDF). Digital Humanities 2007. Urbana-Champaign, Illinois. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dhcommons.tamu.edu/sites/default/files/poster_208_reiss.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2012-04-15.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBurnardRahtz2013" class="citation journal cs1">Burnard, Lou; <a href="Sebastian_Rahtz" title="Sebastian Rahtz">Rahtz, Sebastian</a> (June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xmllondon.com/2013/presentations/rahtz/">"A complete schema definition language for the Text Encoding Initiative"</a>. XML London 2013 14: 152–161. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14337%2FXMLLondon13.Rahtz01">10.14337/XMLLondon13.Rahtz01</a> (inactive 12 July 2025). <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-9926471-0-0</bdi>.</cite><code class="cs1-code">{{cite journal}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://roma2.tei-c.org/">Roma web application</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBurnardBauman2007" class="citation web cs1">Burnard, Lou; Bauman, Syd, eds. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tei-c.org/Guidelines/P5/">"TEI P5: Guidelines for Electronic Text Encoding and Interchange"</a>. Charlottesville, Virginia, USA: TEI Consortium.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLieskeSasaki2007" class="citation web cs1">Lieske, Christian; Sasaki, Felix, eds. (3 April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/2007/REC-its-20070403/#spec-development">"Internationalization Tag Set (ITS) Version 1.0"</a>. World Wide Web Consortium. §1.5 Development of this specification.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSavourelKosekIshida2008" class="citation web cs1">Savourel, Yves; Kosek, Jirka; Ishida, Richard, eds. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xml-i18n-bp/">"Best Practices for XML Internationalization"</a>. W3C Working Group. 5.2 ITS and TEI.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cei.lmu.de/">"Charters Encoding Initiative - Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München"</a>. www.cei.lmu.de.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.menota.org/forside.xhtml">"Medieval Nordic Text Archive (Menota)"</a>. www.menota.org.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAhronheim1998" class="citation journal cs1">Ahronheim, J.R. (1998). "Descriptive metadata: Emerging standards". Journal of Academic Librarianship. 24 (5): 395–403. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0099-1333%2898%2990079-9">10.1016/S0099-1333(98)90079-9</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFCantara2005" class="citation journal cs1">Cantara, L. (2005). "The text-encoding initiative: Part 1". OCLC Systems & Services. 21 (1): 36–39. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2F10650750510578136">10.1108/10650750510578136</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ach.org/">"The Association for Computers and the Humanities |"</a>. ach.org.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> "Historical background", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tei-c.org/release/doc/tei-p5-doc/en/html/AB.html#ABTEI">section iv.2</a> of TEI P5: Guidelines for Electronic Text Encoding and Interchange.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tei-c.org/Vault/SC/teipcp1.txt">"Closing statement of the Vassar Planning Conference"</a>. tei-c.org. 2009. Retrieved 15 April 2012.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tei-c.org/Guidelines/">"TEI Guidelines"</a>. Retrieved 2010-06-18.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xmlnews.org/docs/xml-basics.html">"2"</a>. XML Basics. Retrieved 2011-07-09.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml/">"Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0 (Fifth Edition)"</a>. w3.org.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tei-c.org/release/doc/tei-p5-doc/readme-2.0.1.html">"P5 version 2.0.1 release notes"</a>. tei-c.org. 2012. Retrieved 15 April 2012.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tei-c.org/">"TEI: Text Encoding Initiative"</a>.</cite>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tei-c.org/">TEI Consortium Web site</a> with:

<ul><li>a list of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tei-c.org/Applications/">TEI projects</a>;</li>

<li>a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tei-c.org/Activities/Projects/newform.html">form for adding your project</a>;</li>

<li>the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journal.tei-c.org/journal/index">Journal of the TEI</a>; and</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tei-c.org/Lite/">TEI Lite</a>: An Introduction to Text Encoding for Interchange.</li></ul></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tei.oucs.ox.ac.uk/">TEI @ Oxford</a> (hosted at <a href="Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a>) with development and backup versions of much of the core content. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210413224030/http://tei.oucs.ox.ac.uk/">Archived</a> 2021-04-13 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/TEIC">TEI GitHub site</a> (hosted at <a href="GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a>) with repository and issue tracker</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arts-humanities.net/metadata_standards/text_encoding_initiative_tei">Larger list of TEI Projects</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.openedition.org/oep/426?lang=en">What is the TEI?</a> (Introductory overview by Lou Burnard)</li></ul>

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</style><div id="Digital_humanities22" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Digital_humanities" title="Digital humanities">Digital humanities</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Computational_archaeology" title="Computational archaeology">Computational archaeology</a></li>

<li><a href="Computational_philosophy" title="Computational philosophy">Computational philosophy</a></li>

<li><a href="Computational_theory_of_mind" title="Computational theory of mind">Computational theory of mind</a></li>

<li><a href="Computers_and_writing" title="Computers and writing">Computers and writing</a></li>

<li><a href="Cultural_analytics" title="Cultural analytics">Cultural analytics</a></li>

<li><a href="Cybertext" title="Cybertext">Cybertext</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_classics" title="Digital classics">Digital classics</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_history" title="Digital history">Digital history</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_library" title="Digital library">Digital library</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_Medievalist" title="Digital Medievalist">Digital Medievalist</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_ontology" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital ontology">Digital ontology</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_physics" title="Digital physics">Digital physics</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_religion" title="Digital religion">Digital religion</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_rhetoric" title="Digital rhetoric">Digital rhetoric</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_scholarship" title="Digital scholarship">Digital scholarship</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_theology" title="Digital theology">Digital theology</a></li>

<li><a href="Digitization" title="Digitization">Digitization</a></li>

<li><a href="E-research" title="E-research">E-research</a></li>

<li><a href="Electronic_literature" title="Electronic literature">Electronic literature</a></li>

<li><a href="Humanistic_informatics" title="Humanistic informatics">Humanistic informatics</a></li>

<li><a href="New_media" title="New media">New media</a></li>

<li><a href="Philosophy_of_computer_science" title="Philosophy of computer science">Philosophy of computer science</a></li>

<li><a href="Semantic_Web" title="Semantic Web">Semantic Web</a></li>

<li><a href="Systems_theory" title="Systems theory">Systems theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Transliteracy" title="Transliteracy">Transliteracy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Document_markup_languages120" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Document_markup_languages120" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Markup_language" title="Markup language">Document markup languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Office_suite" class="mw-redirect" title="Office suite">Office suite</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Compound_Document_Format" title="Compound Document Format">Compound Document Format</a></li>

<li><a href="Office_Open_XML" title="Office Open XML">OOXML</a>

<ul><li><a href="SpreadsheetML" title="SpreadsheetML">SpreadsheetML</a></li>

<li><a href="PresentationML" class="mw-redirect" title="PresentationML">PresentationML</a></li>

<li><a href="WordprocessingML" class="mw-redirect" title="WordprocessingML">WordprocessingML</a></li></ul></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Well-known</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="XHTML" title="XHTML">XHTML</a></li>

<li><a href="MathML" title="MathML">MathML</a></li>

<li><a href="LaTeX" title="LaTeX">LaTeX</a></li>

<li><a href="Markdown" title="Markdown">Markdown</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lesser-known</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="AmigaGuide" title="AmigaGuide">AmigaGuide</a></li>

<li><a href="AsciiDoc" title="AsciiDoc">AsciiDoc</a></li>

<li><a href="BBCode" title="BBCode">BBCode</a></li>

<li><a href="ConTeXt" title="ConTeXt">ConTeXt</a></li>

<li><a href="CrossMark" class="mw-redirect" title="CrossMark">CrossMark</a></li>

<li><a href="DocBook" title="DocBook">DocBook</a></li>

<li><a href="Enriched_text" title="Enriched text">Enriched text</a></li>

<li><a href="FHTML" title="FHTML">FHTML</a></li>

<li><a href="GuideML" class="mw-redirect" title="GuideML">GuideML</a></li>

<li><a href="HyTime" title="HyTime">HyTime</a></li>

<li><a href="LilyPond" title="LilyPond">LilyPond</a></li>

<li><a href="LinuxDoc" title="LinuxDoc">LinuxDoc</a></li>

<li><a href="MusicXML" title="MusicXML">MusicXML</a></li>

<li><a href="OMDoc" title="OMDoc">OMDoc</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenMath" title="OpenMath">OpenMath</a></li>

<li><a href="ReStructuredText" title="ReStructuredText">ReStructuredText</a></li>

<li><a href="Setext" title="Setext">Setext</a></li>

<li><a href="Texinfo" title="Texinfo">Texinfo</a></li>

<li><a href="Troff" title="Troff">troff</a></li>

<li><a href="Wiki#Editing" title="Wiki">Wikitext</a></li>

<li><a href="WapTV" title="WapTV">WapTV</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="List_of_document_markup_languages" title="List of document markup languages">List of document markup languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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